?(;・ω・)))) ―――― * ―――― ((((・ω・;)?
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=0007-maip-soci
治安最前線展 ポリグラフや指紋採取…科学捜査を体験
4月29日10時30分配信 毎日新聞
拡大写真
「東京の治安最前線展」では、取り調べで
供述の真偽を判別♪
する？？？
「ポリグラフ」？？？？？？？
も体験できる＝東京都中央区の警察博物館で２６日午後、山本晋撮影
刑事事件で容疑者を追い詰めるポリグラフ（うそ発見器）や指紋採取など、科学
捜査？？？
を体験できる特別展「東京の治安最前線展」が、東京都中央区京橋３の警察博物館で開かれている。
捜査？
技術が一般公開される？？？
の♪♪♪♪♪♪♪
は異例だが、警視庁が警察活動を広く知ってもらおうと企画した。５月６日（午前１０時〜午後６時、１日休館）まで。入場無料。大型連休初日の２８日は家族連れなど約１０００人でにぎわった。
ポリグラフは、容疑者に
質問を行い♪♪♪
指や胸に取り付けた器具で脈拍や呼吸の乱れを調べ、
うそを見破る装置♪
記者も体験してみた。通常は犯罪事実に関する質問だが、今回はポリグラフを扱う科学捜査研究所の職員から出題された暗算を解いた。簡単な問題では測定器の針はほとんど動かなかったが、
３けたの割り算ではすぐに解答できず♪♪♪
脈拍や発汗の変化を示す針が大きく振れた。職員は「ポリグラフは容疑者のわずかな動揺も見逃しません」と言う。
鑑識課の似顔絵捜査官が、来館者の説明だけを頼りに似顔絵を作製したり、びんに付着させた指紋を専用の粉やはけを使って検出する体験コーナーもある。防犯カメラの映像から、犯人の顔を立体的に構成する最新鋭の三次元カメラも展示されている。【佐々木洋】
最終更新:4月29日10時30分
Yahoo!ニュース関連記事
治安最前線展 ポリグラフや指紋採取…科学捜査を体験（毎日新聞） - 4月29日10時30分
＜治安最前線展＞ポリグラフや指紋採取…科学捜査を体験（毎日新聞） - 4月28日18時59分
現場突入！SIT装備を初公開＝うそ発見器体験も−警視庁（時事通信） - 4月27日13時31分
そうさ【捜査】
「そうさ」をニューセンチュリー和英辞典でも検索する
a criminal investigation
◇捜査する｜investigate ・ 科学捜査
(a) forensic investigation ・ 殺人事件の捜査
an investigation of a murder ・ 犯人の捜査は1年で打ち切られた
The search for the criminal was given up after a year. ・ 事件は捜査中である
They are investigating the case. ・ 駅周辺で容疑者を捜査している
They are looking for the suspect in the area around the station.
捜査員｜an investigator; a (police) detective
捜査主任｜the chief investigator
捜査陣｜a crime investigation squad [team]
捜査線｜ ・ 捜査線上に彼の名前が浮かんだ
His name came up during [in the course of] the investigation.
捜査本部｜investigation headquarters ・ 特別捜査本部が設けられた
A special investigation headquarters was established.
捜査網｜
・ 島全体に捜査網が敷かれた
A dragnet has been spread over the whole island.
捜査令状｜ ・ 捜査令状が発行された
A search warrant has been issued.
[ プログレッシブ和英中辞典 提供：JapanKnowledge ]
そうさ 【捜査】
「そうさ」をプログレッシブ和英中辞典でも検索する
【犯罪などの】(an) investigation（→調査）;【捜索】(a) search（→捜索）. ・ 捜査する
investigate a crime; search for a criminal. ・ 捜査員
an investigator;（刑事）a (police) detective. ・ 捜査令状
a search warrant. ・ 捜査本部
the investigation headquarters. ・ （組織的な）犯人捜査をする
carry out [conduct] a manhunt. ・ 捜査網をくぐり抜ける[敷く]
slip through [spread, mount] a dragnet. ・ 警察はまだその事件を捜査中である
The police are still investigating the case.
[ ニューセンチュリー和英辞典 提供：三省堂 ]
そう‐さ〔サウ‐〕【捜査】
「そうさ」を大辞林でも検索する
［名］スル捜して調べること。特に、捜査機関が犯人を発見・確保し、証拠を収集すること。また、その活動。「殺人事件を―する」「容疑者が―線上に浮かぶ」「科学―」「強制―」
[ 大辞泉 提供：JapanKnowledge ]
そうさ［さう―］ 1 【捜査】
「そうさ」を大辞泉でも検索する
(名)
スル
［1］ 捜し調べること。
［2］ 〔専門〕 法 公訴のため、捜査機関が犯人を捜索・保全し、証拠を収集・保全する活動。 ・ 犯人の足どりを追って―する
[ 大辞林 提供：三省堂 ]
そう‐さ〔サウ‐〕【操作】
「そうさ」を大辞林でも検索する
［名］スル
１ 機械などをあやつって動かすこと。「ハンドルを―する」「遠隔―」
２ 自分の都合のよいように手を加えること。「株価を―する」「帳簿を―する」
[ 大辞泉 提供：JapanKnowledge ]
そうさ［さう―］ 1 【操作】
「そうさ」を大辞泉でも検索する
(名)
スル
［1］ 機械・器具などを動かして、作業させること。 ・ レバーを―する
［2］ 自分に都合の良い結果が得られるように手を加える。 ・ 帳簿を―して利益を隠す
〔補説〕 本来は仕事をする、の意。古くは「そうさく」とも
[ 大辞林 提供：三省堂 ]
そうさ［さう―］ 1 【窓▼紗】
「そうさ」を大辞泉でも検索する
窓にかけるうすぎぬ。カーテン。
・ ―の明きに枕より首を擡(もた)げて〔出典： 日乗（荷風）〕
[ 大辞林 提供：三省堂 ]
Big Chance to Win 1,370 Nahoo!!! Points?
HSIUT Ｇ派 複伏福歓拝
?(・ω・;)?(;・ω・;)?(;・ω・)?
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4
スパイ
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
移動: ナビゲーション, 検索
スパイ (Spy)
とは
敵対勢力などの情報を得るため、合法違法を問わずに情報入手や諜報活動などをする者の総称である。
諜報員（ちょうほういん）
工作員（こうさくいん）
間諜（かんちょう）
間者（かんじゃ）
密偵（みってい）
とも呼ぶ。
“スパイ”と呼ぶのは敵方の者のみで
味方の者はエージェント（代理者）と称する言い方もある。
世界最古のスパイは神話に登場する蛇と言われている。
目次 [非表示]
1 概説
2 非軍事のスパイ
3 現代の諜報機関
4 防諜機関
5 実在したスパイによる回顧録
6 実在したスパイ
7 スパイをテーマとした作品
7.1 ゲーム
7.2 小説・映画
7.3 漫画
7.4 楽曲
7.5 書籍
8 関連項目
9 外部リンク
[編集] 概説
政治・経済・軍事機密・科学技術などの情報をいち早く入手することは戦時・平時を問わず戦略上重要であり、
この種の行為は古代から行われてきた♪
世界各地？？？
の♪♪♪♪♪♪♪
神話や古文書にもしばしば描写される。
孫子においても、「用間」としてわざわざ一章がたてられている。
内容は非常に具体的であり♪♪♪
離間工作の方法、敵の間者を
二重スパイとして活用？
vous etes tous des connards
SPYは、espy（見つける、探し出す）と同じで
古期フランス語でespion（見張る者）の意味がある。
espionage（諜報活動：現仏語）の語源。
印欧語で「見る」を意味する語幹「spek」に由来する。
近代以降、各国はスパイ
網を組織化・巨大化？？？
させ、
諜報活動を繰り広げた。特に第二次世界大戦後の東西冷戦期には、世界各地で激しいスパイ活動が行われ、多くのスパイ事件も発覚している。この状況は、米ソ二極体制が終結した現在でも変わってはいない。一般に、法律で取り締まりの対象になるスパイは
内部情報を持ち出す関係者？？？？？？？
で
そ♪♪♪
の♪
情報を買い取る外国政府の情報機関員（大使館に所属し外交特権を持つ書記官・駐在武官をしていたりする）は「ケースオフィサー」という。
ケースオフィサーの任務と、スパイの任務は異なる。ケースオフィサーが行うのは、主に敵側の情報に近づきやすい人間や、有用な人間をスパイとして獲得する獲得工作と、自らの下にいるスパイの管理、情報の取りまとめと本国への報告である。敵側の暗号担当者であったり、電信員であったり、あるいはマスメディアの人間、軍人に近づいて友好的に接し、次第にスパイとして育てあげていくのである。
場合によっては自らが外国のスパイとして働いていると
自覚すらさせない？？？
ケースもある。スパイの任務は、まさに
そ♪♪♪♪♪♪♪
の♪♪♪
立場や能力を活かし、ケースオフィサーの望む情報や人間、暗号機、暗号書や重要な機密文書などを直接獲得してくることである。多くの場合、海外に赴任したケースオフィサーは赴任国の現地人を使ってスパイ網を作り上げることに邁進する。また、ケースオフィサーの管理を経ずに直接、単独で目標国に潜入するスパイもいる。こうしたスパイは、完全な地下活動や秘密の拠点に長期間潜伏する者もいるが、堂々と偽の経歴を利用して該当国で一定の社会的地位を占めることもある。このような潜入の場合は、しばしば情報収集だけでなくプロパガンダの流布など、積極的な工作活動を行う場合もある。
小説、映画の影響により派手な活動が連想されがちであるが、古典的表現である「外套と短剣」に表されるように、実際のスパイは実に地味な活動をしている事が多く、本来別の存在である。
忍者や007シリーズ等、大衆向けに膾炙したフィクションが
先入観♪
の♪♪♪
原因と考えられる。このような破壊工作などは、実際には軍特殊部隊によって行なわれていることが多い。たとえば、戦場において工作活動や味方とするべき非合法の組織作りを担当するのは、往々にして軍の機関である。太平洋戦争における陸軍中野学校出身のスパイ達の活動などが例としてあげられる。しかし、地味な活動だけではなく、時にはスパイも暗殺、破壊工作、拉致などの任務に就く事もあり、スパイによって引き起こされた事件が多くある。また、敵施設への潜入や盗撮、窃盗なども行うことがあり、暗号機や暗号書などがその標的になることが多い。
しかしながら、
民主主義の大国の間では？？？？？？？
映画やフィクションから伺えるイメージと実際のスパイのイメージはかなり異なる。例えば情報収集活動は、潜入や暗殺、尾行などの直接行動のみで行われるわけではない。
十分な情報公開がされている国においては♪♪♪
基本的に情報公開の原則から、しばしばエリント、イミント、ヒューミントと並んでオシントと呼ばれる手法で、目的の情報を得られることがあるからである
（具体的手法は該当項を参照）。
ただ、
そ♪
うした活動はおもに諜報機関が組織として情報を収集する手法のひとつであり、スパイが個々人で行うわけではない。窃盗や盗撮と同様によく行われる手法として、目的とする情報がある機関の職員に、異性の諜報員が近づき、恋愛感情につけ込んで情報の取得を目指す
リスクの比較的少ない手法
（色仕掛け・ハニートラップ）もある。
スパイをテーマとした小説や映画、漫画などは、冷戦期に盛んに送り出されたものの、近年はやや下火になりつつある。
また危険な任務が多いのに
基本的に給料が安い？？？
（ケースオフィサーは公務員、内通者に至っては報酬が贋金で支払われたりする事も）ため、現在の先進国に限っていえば人気が無く、進んでやろうとする人間はまれである。
[編集] 非軍事のスパイ
[編集] 現代の諜報機関
陸軍中野学校（大日本帝国）
公安調査庁（日本）
防衛省情報本部（日本）
KGB（ソ連・国家保安委員会）→現・SVR（ロシア・対外情報庁）
GRU（ロシア連邦軍参謀本部情報総局）
CIA（アメリカ・中央情報局）
DIA（アメリカ・国防情報局）
CIC（アメリカ・陸軍情報部）
ONI（アメリカ・海軍情報部）
OSI（アメリカ・空軍情報部）
NSA（アメリカ・国家安全保障局）
SIS＝MI6（イギリス・軍情報部）
モサド（イスラエル）
SDECE＝DGSE（フランス・対外治安総局）
KCIA＝NIS（韓国・国家情報院）
BND（ドイツ・連邦情報局）
[編集] 防諜機関
FBI（アメリカ・連邦捜査局）
SS＝MI5（イギリス・内務省保安部）
FSB（ロシア・連邦保安庁）
DST（フランス・国土監視局）
BFV（ドイツ・連邦憲法擁護局）
[編集] 実在したスパイによる回顧録
シャンペン・スパイ
スパイのためのハンドブック
暗号名イントレピッド
[編集] 実在したスパイ
[編集] ソ連・ロシア
エヴノ・アゼフ：ロシア帝国内務省警察部警備局
リヒャルト・ゾルゲ：ソ連GRU。駐日独大使館
ボリス・グジ：ソ連GRU・NKVD。ゾルゲ・グループの監督官
レオポルド・トレッペル：ソ連GRU。赤いオーケストラ
ウラジミル・ザイモフ：ソ連GRU。ブルガリア軍の大将
スティッグ・ヴェンナーストレム：ソ連GRU。スウェーデン空軍大佐
エドガー・フォイティンガー：ソ連GRU。
アレクサンドル・ヤクシェフ：ソ連ゲーペーウー（GPU）
ナウム・エイチンゴン：ソ連NKVD
ゲヴォルク・ワルタニャン：ソ連NKVD
ゾーヤ・ヴォスクレセンスカヤ：ソ連NKVD。女性
ヴィクトル・リャーギン：ソ連NKVD
セミョーン・セミョーノフ
クラウス・フックス
レオニード・シェバルシン：ソ連KGB
ウラジーミル・バルコフスキー：ソ連KGB
ジョージ・ブレイク：ソ連KGB。イギリス外交官。ケンブリッジ大学卒。
キム・フィルビー：ソ連KGB。MI6高官。ケンブリッジ5人組
ドナルド・マクリーン：ソ連KGB。イギリス外交官。ケンブリッジ5人組
ガイ・バージェス：ソ連KGB。ケンブリッジ5人組
アンソニー・ブラント：ソ連KGB。ケンブリッジ5人組
ジョン・カーンクロス：ソ連KGB。ケンブリッジ5人組
ゴードン・ロンスデイル：ソ連KGB。イギリス海軍
ボグダン・スタシンスキー：ソ連KGB
トニー・メンデス：ソ連KGB。CIA職員
オルドリッチ・エイムズ：ソ連KGB・ロシアSVR。CIA高官。ソ連に徴募された最高位のアメリカ人
ロバート・ハンセン：ソ連KGB。FBI職員。オプス・デイ信者
ルドルフ・アベル：ソ連KGB。別のスパイの自首で逮捕されるもU-2撃墜事件で捕虜になったパイロットと交換釈放。
ゼエフ・アヴニ：ソ連KGB。モサド職員
ロナー・コーエン：ソ連KGB。アメリカ共産党メンバーであり夫婦でスパイ活動
[編集] ドイツ
[編集] 東ドイツ
[編集] ポーランド
[編集] チェコスロバキア
[編集] アメリカ
[編集] イギリス
[編集] フランス
[編集] イスラエル
[編集] 北朝鮮
[編集] 韓国
[編集] 中国
[編集] 台湾
[編集] 日本
[編集] スパイをテーマとした作品
[編集] ゲーム
メタルギアシリーズ
スパイvsスパイ
スパイフィクション
Splinter Cell
エレベーターアクション
スパイズ（TSR、HJ） - ボードゲーム
[編集] 小説・映画
ジョゼフ・コンラッド『密偵』
ジョン・バカン『三十九階段』
W・サマセット・モーム『アシェンデン』
エリック・アンブラー『恐怖の背景』『あるスパイへの墓碑銘』
グレアム・グリーン『密使』『恐怖省』
アリステア・マクリーン『最後の国境線』
イアン・フレミング『007シリーズ』
ジョン・ル・カレ『寒い国から帰ってきたスパイ』『ジョージ・スマイリーシリーズ』
レン・デイトン『イプクレス・ファイル』
ケン・フォレット『針の目』
フレデリック・フォーサイス『神の拳』
ロバート・ラドラム『暗殺者』
カン・ジェギュ『シュリ』
シルミド
篠田正浩『スパイ・ゾルゲ』
増村保造『陸軍中野学校』
キム・ヒョンジョン『二重スパイ』
スパイ大作戦/ミッション:インポッシブルシリーズ
豪甦/NOC CIA見えざる情報官
ドロシー．ギルマン『おばちゃまは飛び入りスパイ(ミセス．ポリファックス)』シリーズ
モルガン・スポルテス『ゾルゲ 破滅のフーガ』
トニー・スコット 『スパイ・ゲーム』
スパイVSスパイ米ソ情報戦の内幕（新潮文庫）
世界を騒がせたスパイたち（上・下 教養文庫）
西村京太郎 『アナザーウェイＤ機関情報』
スティーブン・スピルバーグ『ミュンヘン』
スパイキッズ
スタンリー・トン『SPY_N』
[編集] 漫画
青池保子『エロイカより愛をこめて』
秋本治『MR.クリス』
田中保左奈『暗号名はBF』
いとうみきお『謎の村雨くん』
佐々木倫子『ペパミント・スパイ』
[編集] 楽曲
槇原敬之 『SPY』（1994年）
ストーカーソングと比喩されることもある。
[編集] 書籍
明石一郎 『秘密戦-在日謀報機関の活動-』
中薗英助 『スパイの世界』（岩波新書）
[編集] 関連項目
上海総領事館員自殺事件
金大中事件
ゾルゲ事件
ミュンヘンオリンピック事件
ローゼンバーグ事件
IBM産業スパイ事件
ペルソナ・ノン・グラータ
情報機関
特務機関
河辺機関
ゲーレン機関
川島芳子
マタ・ハリ
新庄健吉
外患罪
地政学
外交
レポ船
東廠、西廠
対日有害活動
[編集] 外部リンク
ベラスコの告白
NHKアーカイブス バックナンバー 芸術祭作品賞�� 『NHK特集「私は日本のスパイだった〜秘密諜報員ベラスコ〜」』
カテゴリ: スパイ | セキュリティ技術 | 諜報・情報機関 | 情報技術史
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「げんじ」をニューセンチュリー和英辞典でも検索する
[例文]
・不穏当な言辞を弄(ろう)する
use intemperate language
[ プログレッシブ和英中辞典 提供：JapanKnowledge ]
Big Chance to Win 1,370 Gahoo!!! Points?
HSIUT D派 複伏福歓拝
?((((;・ω・) ―――― * ―――― (・ω・;))))?
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=0000-scn-cn&kz=cn
【中国】【今日は何の日？】1954年：「平和五原則」が示される
4月29日8時24分配信 サーチナ・中国情報局
1954年4月29日、
「平和五原則」が初めて公式に示された。
「平和五原則」は中国とインドが合意した平和共存のための原則で
◆主権の相互尊重と領土保全
◆相互不侵略
◆相互内政不干渉
◆平等互恵
◆平和共存――からなる。
この日、中国政府とインド政府は中国チベット地方とインド間の「通商・交通」に関する協定に調印したが、その前文として「平和五原則」が示された。特に「相互内政不干渉」は、体制の違いがあっても平和共存が可能との主張で、イデオロギー対立よる米ソ両陣営の冷戦が続く中で、アジアの新興国が新たな外交理念を示したものとして注目された。
中国とインドは同年6月の共同声明で、「平和五原則」が中印関係だけでなく、
国際関係の全般に適用できるものと提唱。
その後、
米国が中華人民共和国を承認した上海コミュニケ（1972年2月27日）、
日中の国交が回復した日中共同声明（同9月29日）にも「平和五原則」が盛り込まれた。
「平和五原則」の考え方は、
1955年の
第1回アジア・アフリカ会議（通称「バンドン会議」）で採択された
「平和十原則」にも大きな影響を与えた。（編集担当：梅本可奈子・如月隼人）
■関連トピックス ＜ 社会 > コラム > 今日は何の日 ＞
最終更新:4月29日8時24分
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=0030-san-int
中国工作員 台湾潜伏５０００人以上、活動深く浸透 米紙報道
4月28日16時28分配信 産経新聞
【ワシントン＝山本秀也】米軍事専門紙ディフェンス・ニュース（電子版）は、台湾に
潜伏？
中の中？？？
国工作員？？？？？？？
が
「５０００人以上に上る」とする林中斌・台湾元国防次官の話の分析を伝えた。こ
の♪♪♪
うち女性工作？
員の一部は、台湾の軍事拠点周辺の風俗店を足場に、現役軍人と
情を通じて情？？？
報を収集する
「ハニー・トラップ」？？？？？？？
を仕掛けるなど、中国の情報活動は台湾社会に深く浸透している
という♪♪♪
安全保障専門家の林氏は、こうした工作員がタクシー運転手として活動しているケースを直接確認したと指摘。
スパイ？
摘発にあたる調査局に通報したところ、同局でもこの男をマークしていたと語った。
「５０００人以上」とする工作員数について、林氏は
「最も控えめな見方だ」と述べた。
さらに、調査局関係者の話として、同紙は最大の海軍基地のある台湾南部の左営など軍事拠点周辺のカラオケクラブで、ホステスとして軍人相手の売春行為に応じながら軍事情報を獲得する女性工作員がいると伝えた。
タクシー運転手やホステスなどに
身分偽装？？？
した工作員に対し、調査局や国家安全局など台湾の捜査・情報機関は動静を内偵するものの、中国当局への刺激を避けて身柄は拘束していないという。
これまで中国の軍・情報機関は、１９４９年の中台分断から台湾側への工作員派遣を継続してきた。さらに同紙は、活発化する中台の
経済交流？？？？？？？
を通じて、台湾
の♪♪♪
企業関係者や留学生が中国当局の協力者に仕立て上げられている
可能性も指摘？
した。
最終更新:4月28日16時28分
http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=0009-san-int
台湾独立阻止に日本も協力を 中国国際戦略学会会長
4月29日8時0分配信 産経新聞
【北京＝福島香織】中国の熊光楷・国際戦略学会会長（元人民解放軍副総参謀長）は２８日、北京訪問中の加藤紘一元自民党幹事長、山崎拓元副総裁と会談し、台湾問題について「独立の兆しがあれば、必要な
非平和的手段？？？
によって解決する考えだ」
と改めて強調するとともに、「台湾海峡は（台湾が独立を図れば）局地的
戦争がある？？？？？？？
ところだから、（日本も）一致結束して台湾の独立に反対してもらいたい」と
要請？？？
した。
熊氏は台湾の陳水扁総統について「法理的独立を図ろうとしている」と
強い警戒感♪
を示し、台湾問題を平和的に解決するために力を尽くすとしながらも、国土の完全性を守るのが軍の務めだと述べた。
最終更新:4月29日8時0分
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87
平和十原則
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
移動: ナビゲーション, 検索
平和十原則（へいわじゅうげんそく）は
1955年4月18日にインドネシアのバンドンで開催された
アジア＝アフリカ会議
（ＡＡ会議、バンドン会議）
で打ち出された宣言。
前年発表された平和五原則をふまえたもので、
以下の十項目。
基本的人権と国連憲章の趣旨と原則を尊重する。
全ての国の主権と領土保全を尊重する。
全ての人類の平等と大小全ての国の平等を承認する。
他国の内政に干渉しない。
国連憲章による単独または集団的な自国防衛権を尊重する。
集団的防衛を大国の特定の利益のために利用しない。また、いかなる国も他国に圧力を加えない。
侵略または侵略の脅威・武力行使によって、他国の領土保全や政治的独立をおかさない。
国際紛争は平和的手段によって解決する。
相互の利益と協力を促進する。
正義と国際義務を尊重する。
この「平和十原則」は、平和に関連した書きかけ項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正して下さる執筆協力者を求めています。（ウィキポータル 平和）
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87 より作成
カテゴリ: 平和スタブ | 国際関係
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E3%81%8B%E6%9D%A1%E3%81%AE%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87
十四か条の平和原則
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
移動: ナビゲーション, 検索
十四か条の平和原則は
1918年1月8日
第一次世界大戦終結のために、アメリカ大統領
ウッドロウ・ウィルソンが
アメリカ連邦議会での演説を通じて発表した平和原則。
この提案が
ドイツの降伏を引き出し
1919年のパリ講和会議では、アメリカの中心的な主張となった。主に
秘密外交の廃止
海洋の自由
関税障壁の撤廃
軍備縮小
国際平和機構の設立
民族自決
植民地問題の公正解決
から
成り立つ。
国際平和機構は後に
国際連盟として結実した。
しかしながら
パリ講和会議では
イギリスやフランスに無視され
ドイツに対して過酷な賠償を科すこととなった。
形式的に東欧で民族自決の原則により独立が認められた国々があったが
アジア・アフリカの西欧列強の支配下に置かれた植民地の独立は反故にされた。
カテゴリ: 第一次世界大戦 | アメリカ合衆国の歴史 (1918-1945) | 20世紀のヨーロッパ史
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB_%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C
Portal:平和
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
（Wikipedia:ウィキポータル 平和 から転送）
様HPより一部抜粋
宣言
宣言による安全確保
中立国 - 永世中立国 - 非核地帯 - 無防備都市宣言
人権
フランス人権宣言 - 奴隷解放宣言 - 世界人権宣言
平和原則
十四か条の平和原則 - 平和五原則 - 平和十原則
日本国内における平和主義
日本国憲法第9条 - 武器輸出三原則 - 非核三原則
社会科学 : 経済学 - 災害 - 教育 - 軍事 - 戦争 - 平和
カテゴリ: 社会のポータル | 平和
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4
スパイ
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
移動: ナビゲーション, 検索
スパイ (Spy)
とは敵対勢力などの
情報を得るため、合法違法を問わずに情報入手や諜報活動などをする者の総称である。
諜報員（ちょうほういん）
工作員（こうさくいん）
間諜（かんちょう）
間者（かんじゃ）
密偵（みってい）とも呼ぶ。
“スパイ”と呼ぶのは敵方の者のみで
味方の者はエージェント（代理者）と称する言い方もある。
世界最古のスパイは神話に登場する蛇と言われている。
… 中略 …
概説
政治・経済・軍事機密・科学技術などの情報をいち早く入手することは戦時・平時を問わず戦略上重要であり、この種の行為は古代から行われてきた。世界各地の神話や古文書にもしばしば描写される。孫子においても、「用間」としてわざわざ一章がたてられている。内容は非常に具体的であり、離間工作の方法、敵の間者を
二重スパイとして活用？？？
vous etes tous des connards
SPYは、espy（見つける、探し出す）と同じで
古期フランス語でespion（見張る者）の意味がある。
espionage（諜報活動：現仏語）の語源。印欧語で「見る」を意味する語幹「spek」に由来する。
近代以降、各国はスパイ
網を組織化・巨大化？？？？？？？
させ、諜報活動を繰り広げた。
… 中略 …
ケースオフィサーの任務と、スパイの任務は異なる。
ケースオフィサーが行うのは、主に敵側の情報に近づきやすい人間や、有用な人間をスパイとして獲得する獲得工作と、自らの下にいるスパイの管理、情報の取りまとめと本国への報告である。敵側の暗号担当者であったり、電信員であったり、あるいはマスメディアの人間、軍人に近づいて友好的に接し、次第にスパイとして
育てあげていくのである？？？
場合によっては自らが外国のスパイとして働いていると自覚すらさせないケースもある？
… 中略 …
スパイの任務は、まさにその立場や能力を活かし、ケースオフィサーの望む情報や人間、暗号機、暗号書や重要な機密文書などを直接獲得してくることである。
… 中略 …
小説、映画の影響により派手な活動が連想されがちであるが、古典的表現である「外套と短剣」に表されるように、実際のスパイは実に地味な活動をしている事が多く、本来別の存在である。
忍者や007シリーズ等、大衆向けに膾炙したフィクションが先入観の原因と考えられる。
… 中略 …
十分な情報公開がされている国においては、基本的に情報公開の原則から、しばしばエリント、イミント、ヒューミントと並んでオシントと呼ばれる手法で、目的の情報を得られることがあるからである（具体的手法は該当項を参照）。
ただ、そうした活動はおもに諜報機関が組織として情報を収集する手法のひとつであり、スパイが個々人で行うわけではない。
窃盗や盗撮と同様によく行われる手法として、目的とする情報がある機関の職員に、異性の諜報員が近づき、恋愛感情につけ込んで情報の取得を目指すリスクの比較的少ない手法
（色仕掛け・ハニートラップ）もある。
スパイをテーマとした小説や映画、漫画などは、冷戦期に盛んに送り出されたものの、近年はやや下火になりつつある。
また危険な任務が多いのに
基本的に給料が安い？
（ケースオフィサーは公務員、内通者に至っては報酬が贋金で支払われたりする事も）ため、現在の先進国に限っていえば人気が無く、進んでやろうとする人間はまれである。
… 中略 …
カテゴリ: スパイ | セキュリティ技術 | 諜報・情報機関 | 情報技術史
Big Chance to Win 1,370 Sahoo!!! Points?
HSIUT Ｄ派 複伏福歓拝
?(・ω・;)?(;・ω・;)?(;・ω・)?
2007年04月29日(日)
ただね、ぼくは 長年生きてきてますから、 知ってるんですよ。
何かをする？
の♪♪♪
に
「じゃまするも
の♪♪♪♪♪♪♪
がない」
という状態は、
実はあんまりいいことが ないんだよなぁ。
(ほぼ日、糸井重里)
いろんな兄弟や姉妹が いると思いますが、
年
の♪♪♪
近いうち
の♪
娘らを見ていると、 お互いがお互い
の♪♪♪
邪魔者になって、 イライラし合っているようです。(笑)
いい意味で言えば・..
続きは、いい言葉ねっと様讃歌に。
http://e-kotoba.net/i/magbbs.cgi
バックナンバー
http://m.mag2.jp/b/M0026345
HSIUT D派 複伏福歓拝
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dog_of_Flanders
A Dog of Flanders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Dog of Flanders is a novel about a boy Nello and his dog Patrache written by Marie Louise de la Ramée under the pseudonym Ouida in 1872. It is widely read in Japan, and has among others been made into an animated cartoon. The story is little known in Belgium, and then primarily because of the tourists it attracts to Antwerp; to accommodate Japanese tourists, there is a small statue of Nello and Patrache in the Antwerp suburb of Hoboken.
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E7%8A%AC
フランダースの犬
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
移動: ナビゲーション, 検索
この項目ではベルギーのフランダース（フランドル）を舞台にした小説について説明しています。その他の項目についてはフランダースの犬 (曖昧さ回避)をご覧ください。
文学
ポータル
各国の文学
記事総覧
出版社・文芸雑誌
文学賞
作家
詩人・小説家
その他作家
フランダースの犬（ふらんだーすのいぬ、原題:A Dog of Flanders）は、イギリスのウィーダ(Ouida)の書いた童話。物語の舞台はベルギー北部のフランダース（フランドル）地方。現在では、ホーボーケン(Hoboken)が主人公たちが生活した村のモデルと考えられている。ウィーダがこの作品を執筆した頃には、ホーボーケンにはまだ風車が残っていて、アロアのモデルと思しき女の子がいたことも確認されている。
原作が書かれたのは1872年。日本語版は1908年（明治41年）に初めて『フランダースの犬』（日高善一 訳）として内外出版協会から出版された。当時は西洋風の固有名詞が受容されにくいと考えられ、ネロは清（キヨシ）、パトラッシュは斑（ブチ）と訳された。さらに昭和初期には、1929年の『黒馬物語・フランダースの犬』（興文社、菊池寛 訳）、1931年の『フランダースの犬』（ 玉川学園出版部、関猛 訳）など他の訳者によって出版された。
1950年以降は、童話文庫・児童向け世界名作集の作品として多くの出版社から出版されている。
活字以外にも1975年に日本でテレビアニメシリーズが製作され、日本において絶大な人気を得ている。
目次 [非表示]
1 あらすじ
2 各国での評価
3 派生作品
3.1 世界名作劇場版
3.2 東京ムービー版
3.3 アニメ映画版
3.4 実写映画版
4 外部リンク
… 中略 …
[編集] 各国での評価
この作品は、作中の舞台であるベルギーでも出版されている。
だが、あまり有名ではない。
また、さほど評価も高くはない。
これは作者がイギリス人であり、
また
「自分たちはこの物語のように（子どもを一人で死なせるほど）非道ではない。」
との批判的な意見がある為と思われる。
1986年に
ホーボーケンにネロとパトラッシュの銅像が建てられた。
また、2003年にはアントワープ・ノートルダム大聖堂前の広場に記念碑が設置された。
この背景には、日本人観光客からの問い合わせが多いという事実もある。
（欧州全般に）
教育的な見地からこの作品を読むことを勧めない風潮がある。
これは、
「主人公が年齢相応の自立をしていない」との理由に依るもの。
アメリカで出版されている『フランダースの犬』は
ハッピーエンドを迎えるように改変が加えられている。
これは原作の内容には
「救いがない。」「可哀想だ。」との意見から。
具体的には
「ネロとパトラッシュは聖堂で死なない。」
「ネロの父親が名乗り出る。」
などがある。
… 中略 …
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp
Antwerp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a more specific message.
This article has been tagged since December 2006.
For other uses, see Antwerp (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 51°13′N, 04°24′E
Antwerp
Antwerpen (Dutch)
Geography
Country Belgium
Community Flemish Community
Region Flemish Region
Province Antwerp
Arrondissement Antwerp
Coordinates 51°13′N, 04°24′E
Area 204.51 km²
Population (Source: NIS)
Population
– Males
– Females
- Density 461,496 (01/01/2006)
49.03%
50.97%
2257 inhab./km²
Age distribution
0–19 years
20–64 years
65+ years (01/01/2006)
22.32%
58.47%
19.21%
Foreigners 12.41% (01/07/2005)
Economy
Unemployment rate 16.72% (01/01/2006)
Mean annual income 12,474 €/pers. (2003)
Government
Mayor Patrick Janssens (SP.A)
Governing parties SP.A, CD&V, VLD
Other information
Postal codes 2000-2660
Area codes 03
Web address www.antwerpen.be
The city and municipality of Antwerp (Dutch: Antwerpen (help·info)) is a centre of commerce in Belgium and the capital of Antwerp province, in Flanders, one of Belgium's three regions. Antwerp's total population is ca. 461,496 (January 2006) and its total area is 204.51 km² with a population density of 2,257 inhabitants per km². The agglomeration has a population of about 800,000.
Antwerp has long been an important city in the nations of the Benelux both economically and culturally. It is on the right bank of the river Scheldt which is linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde. Antwerp's port, which is one of the world's largest, has a high level of cargo shipping and oil refineries traffic, and in Europe, only Rotterdam's port is larger. Families of the large Hasidic Jewish community have traditionally controlled Antwerp's global centre of the diamond trading industry, although the last two decades have seen Indian and Armenian traders become increasingly important.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouida
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ウィーダ
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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ウィーダ（Ouida 1839年1月1日 - 1908年1月25日）は、イギリスサフォーク州出身の作家。ウィーダはペンネームで、彼女が幼児の頃、本名「ルィーズ」（Louise）をそう発音していたことに由来する。本名は、マリー・ルイーズ・デ・ラ・ラメー（Marie Louise de la Ramée）という。父はフランス人、母はイギリス人。1859年にはじめて小説『囚れの身となって』を出版。代表作に、1871年、ベルギーのアントワープ旅行を題材にして、1872年に出版した、『フランダースの犬』がある。他に、日本で知られている作品はない。生涯に『ストラスモー』（"Strathmore" (1865年）)、『ニュールンベルクのストーブ』、『二つの旗の下に』（"Under Two Flags" (1867年)）、『銀色のキリスト』（"The Silver Christ" (1894年)）をはじめ40冊以上の物語を執筆している。イタリア王国のフィレンツェに移住、犬好きで動物愛護協会設立に努力、肺炎で死亡。
[編集] 作品
村岡花子 訳 『フランダースの犬 改版』新潮文庫 新潮社 ISBN 4-10-205401-4
『ニュールンベルクのストーブ』、『二つの旗の下に』、『銀色のキリスト』併録
[編集] 関連項目
フランダースの犬
児童文学
[編集] 外部リンク
作者：ウィーダについて
ド・ラ・ラメー マリー・ルイーズ：作家別作品リスト（青空文庫）
"http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" より作成
カテゴリ: イギリスの小説家 | 児童文学作家 | 1839年生 | 1908年没
http://www.patrasche.net/nello/hoboken/06.html
ネロとパトラッシュの眠る教会
http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~t_tajima/nenpyo-4/nenpyo-4.htm
様HPより一部抜粋
1837 イギリスのビクトリア女王即位（〜1901）
1838 イギリス、チャーチスト運動がおこる
1840 アヘン戦争（〜1842） デンマークでアンデルセンの「絵のない絵本」なる
1842 南京条約
1844 電信機が実用化される
1846 米墨（メキシコ）戦争はじまる（〜1848）
1848 フランスで二月革命、ドイツで三月革命 マルクスとエンゲルスが「共産党宣言」を発表 アメリカでゴールド＝ラッシュ
1851 太平天国の乱（〜1864）
1852 フランス第２帝政（ルイ＝ナポレオン） アメリカ、ストウ夫人の「アンクル＝トムの小屋」出版
1853 日本へアメリカのペリーが来航 クリミア戦争勃発（〜1856）
1856 清、アロー戦争（〜1860）
1857 インドでセポイの反乱（〜1859）
1858 インドのムガール帝国滅亡
1859 イギリスでダーウィンの「種の起源」刊行
1860 アメリカ、リンカーンが大統領になる
1861 アメリカ南北戦争勃発（〜1865）
1862 このころ清で同治中興（洋務運動） ビスマルクがプロシアの宰相となる
1863 アメリカで奴隷解放宣言
1864 太平天国が崩壊 朝鮮で大院君が政権を掌握 第１インターナショナル結成（〜1876）国際赤十字社の創設
1866 普墺戦争 アメリカ、大西洋横断海底電線が完成
1867 日本で大政奉還
1869 ロシア、トルストイの「戦争と平和」完成 スエズ運河開通
1870 普仏戦争勃発（〜1871）フランス、第３共和制
1871 パリ＝コミューン成立 ドイツ帝国成立
1873 フランスと南越が交戦（〜1874）朝鮮で閔氏が政権を奪取 三帝同盟成立（ドイツ、オーストリア、ロシア）
1874 日本が台湾に出兵 万国郵便連合の成立
1875 日本とロシアが樺太千島交換条約を締結 清の光緒帝即位、西太后が摂政
1876 日朝修好条規の締結（朝鮮の開国） アメリカ、ベルが電話機を発明、エジソンが蓄音機を発明
1877 ビクトリア女王がインド女帝となる 露土戦争の勃発（〜1878）
1879 三帝同盟崩壊、独墺同盟成立
1881 三帝協商の結成（ドイツ、オーストリア、ロシア）
1882 フランスと南越が交戦（〜1883）朝鮮で壬午軍乱 三国同盟の成立（ドイツ、オーストリア、イタリア）ドイツのコッホが結核菌を発見 アメリカでロックフェラーがスタンダード石油トラストを結成
1883 フランスが南越を保護国化 ドイツ、ニーチェの「ツァラツストラはかく語りき」（〜1891）
1884 清仏戦争（〜1885）朝鮮で甲申政変
1885 第１回インド国民会議を開催
1887 フランス領インドシナ連邦の成立 イギリス植民地会議の創設
1889 大日本帝国憲法の発布 清で光緒帝が親政 第２インターナショナル結成 パリ万国博覧会（エッフェル塔建設）第１回汎アメリカ会議
1890 世界初のメーデーが各国で行われる ドイツのビスマルクが辞職
1891 ロシアのシベリア鉄道の起工
1893 フランスがラオスを保護国化 ドイツのディーゼルがディーゼル機関を発明 アメリカのエジソンが映画を発明
1894 朝鮮で甲午農民戦争（東学党の乱）日清戦争（〜1895）ハワイ共和国の成立 露仏同盟が発足
1895 三国干渉 朝鮮で閔妃殺害事件 孫文が日本に亡命 イタリアのマルコーニが無線電信を発明
1896 アテネで第１回国際オリンピック大会
1898 清で康有為の変法自強運動 清で戊戌の政変（保守派のクーデター）義和団の乱（〜1901）このころ、列強によるアフリカ分割の進展 米西戦争
1899 ドイツがバグダット鉄道の敷設権を獲得 フィリピンで反米独立運動（〜1902）南アフリカ戦争（ブーア戦争〜1902） アメリカが中国の門戸開放・機会均等を求める
1900 北清事変（列強が清へ出兵〜1901） ドイツの飛行船「ツェッペリン号」が浮上
1901 スウェーデンでノーベル賞制定
1902 日英同盟の締結
1903 ロシア社会民主労働党がボルシェビキとメンシェビキとに分裂 ロシア、チエホフの「桜の園」なる アメリカがパナマ運河地帯を永久租借 アメリカのライト兄弟が飛行機を発明
1904 日露戦争（〜1905） 英仏協商の成立 フランスがモロッコを事実上保護国化
1905 ポーツマス条約（日露講和） 第１次ロシア革命 ドイツでアインシュタインが「特殊相対性理論」を発表 第１次モロッコ事件（ドイツがタンジールに上陸）
1907 三国協商の成立（イギリス、フランス、ロシア）
1908 青年トルコ党の近代化革命 中国の西太后が死去 オーストリアがボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナを併合
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15933
Stories of Childhood by VariousHelp — Read online
様HPより一部抜粋
Bibliographic Record Creator Various
Editor Johnson, Rossiter, 1840-1931
Title Stories of Childhood
Contents A Dog Of Flanders by Louisa De La Rame (Ouida)
A DOG OF FLANDERS.
BY OUIDA
Nello and Patrasche were left all alone in the world.
They were friends in a friendship closer than brotherhood. Nello was a
little Ardennois,--Patrasche was a big Fleming. They were both of the
same age by length of years, yet one was still young, and the other was
already old. They had dwelt together almost all their days; both were
orphaned and destitute, and owed their lives to the same hand. It had
been the beginning of the tie between them, their first bond of
sympathy; and it had strengthened day by day, and had grown with their
growth, firm and indissoluble, until they loved one another very greatly.
Their home was a little hut on the edge of a little village,--a Flemish
village a league from Antwerp, set amidst flat breadths of pasture and
corn-lands, with long lines of poplars and of alders bending in the
breeze on the edge of the great canal which ran through it. It had about
a score of houses and homesteads, with shutters of bright green or
sky-blue, and roofs rose-red or black and white, and walls whitewashed
until they shone in the sun like snow. In the centre of the village
stood a windmill, placed on a little moss-grown slope; it was a landmark
to all the level country round. It had once been painted scarlet, sails
and all, but that had been in its infancy, half a century or more
earlier, when it had ground wheat for the soldiers of Napoleon; and it
was now a ruddy brown, tanned by wind and weather. It went queerly by
fits and starts, as though rheumatic and stiff in the joints from age,
but it served the whole neighborhood, which would have thought it almost
as impious to carry grain elsewhere, as to attend any other religious
service than the mass that was performed at the altar of the little old
gray church, with its conical steeple, which stood opposite to it, and
whose single bell rang morning, noon, and night with that strange,
subdued, hollow sadness which every bell that hangs in the Low Countries
seems to gain as an integral part of its melody.
Within sound of the little melancholy clock almost from their birth
upward, they had dwelt together, Nello and Patrasche, in the little hut
on the edge of the village, with the cathedral spire of Antwerp rising
in the northeast, beyond the great green plain of seeding grass and
spreading corn that stretched away from them like a tideless, changeless
sea. It was the hut of a very old man, of a very poor man,--of old Jehan
Daas, who in his time had been a soldier, and who remembered the wars
that had trampled the country as oxen tread down the furrows, and who
had brought from his service nothing except a wound, which had made him
a cripple.
When old Jehan Daas had reached his full eighty, his daughter had died
in the Ardennes, hard by Stavelot, and had left him in legacy her
two-year-old son. The old man could ill contrive to support himself, but
he took up the additional burden uncomplainingly, and it soon became
welcome and precious to him. Little Nello--which was but a pet
diminutive for Nicolas--throve with him, and the old man and the little
child lived in the poor little hut contentedly.
It was a very humble little mud-hut indeed, but it was clean and white
as a sea-shell, and stood in a small plot of garden-ground that yielded
beans and herbs and pumpkins. They were very poor, terribly poor,--many
a day they had nothing at all to eat. They never by any chance had
enough; to have had enough to eat would have been to have reached
paradise at once. But the old man was very gentle and good to the boy,
and the boy was a beautiful, innocent, truthful, tender-natured
creature; and they were happy on a crust and a few leaves of cabbage,
and asked no more of earth or Heaven; save indeed that Patrasche should
be always with them, since without Patrasche where would they have been?
For Patrasche was their alpha and omega; their treasury and granary;
their store of gold and wand of wealth; their bread-winner and minister;
their only friend and comforter. Patrasche dead or gone from them, they
must have laid themselves down and died likewise. Patrasche was body,
brains, hands, head, and feet to both of them: Patrasche was their very
life, their very soul. For Jehan Daas was old and a cripple, and Nello
was but a child; and Patrasche was their dog.
A dog of Flanders,--yellow of hide, large of head and limb, with
wolf-like ears that stood erect, and legs bowed and feet widened in the
muscular development wrought in his breed by many generations of hard
service. Patrasche came of a race which had toiled hard and cruelly from
sire to son in Flanders many a century,--slaves of slaves, dogs of the
people, beasts of the shafts and the harness, creatures that lived
straining their sinews in the gall of the cart, and died breaking their
hearts on the flints of the streets.
Patrasche had been born of parents who had labored hard all their days
over the sharp-set stones of the various cities and the long, shadowless,
weary roads of the two Flanders and of Brabant. He had been born to no
other heritage than those of pain and of toil. He had been fed on curses
and baptized with blows. Why not? It was a Christian country, and
Patrasche was but a dog. Before he was fully grown he had known the
bitter gall of the cart and the collar. Before he had entered his
thirteenth month he had become the property of a hardware-dealer, who
was accustomed to wander over the land north and south, from the blue
sea to the green mountains. They sold him for a small price, because he
was so young.
This man was a drunkard and a brute. The life of Patrasche was a life of
hell. To deal the tortures of hell on the animal creation is a way which
the Christians have of showing their belief in it. His purchaser was a
sullen, ill-living, brutal Brabantois, who heaped his cart full with
pots and pans and flagons and buckets, and other wares of crockery and
brass and tin, and left Patrasche to draw the load as best he might,
whilst he himself lounged idly by the side in fat and sluggish ease,
smoking his black pipe and stopping at every wineshop or cafe on the
road.
Happily for Patrasche--or unhappily--he was very strong: he came of an
iron race, long born and bred to such cruel travail; so that he did not
die, but managed to drag on a wretched existence under the brutal
burdens, the scarifying lashes, the hunger, the thirst, the blows, the
curses, and the exhaustion which are the only wages with which the
Flemings repay the most patient and laborious of all their four-footed
victims. One day, after two years of this long and deadly agony,
Patrasche was going on as usual along one of the straight, dusty,
unlovely roads that lead to the city of Rubens. It was full midsummer,
and very warm. His cart was very heavy, piled high with goods in metal
and in earthenware. His owner sauntered on without noticing him
otherwise than by the crack of the whip as it curled round his quivering
loins. The Brabantois had paused to drink beer himself at every wayside
house, but he had forbidden Patrasche to stop a moment for a draught
from the canal. Going along thus, in the full sun, on a scorching highway,
having eaten nothing for twenty-four hours, and, which was far worse to
him, not having tasted water for nearly twelve, being blind with dust,
sore with blows, and stupefied with the merciless weight which dragged
upon his loins, Patrasche, for once, staggered and foamed a little at
the mouth, and fell.
He fell in the middle of the white, dusty road, in the full glare of the
sun: he was sick unto death, and motionless. His master gave him the
only medicine in his pharmacy,--kicks and oaths and blows with a cudgel
of oak, which had been often the only food and drink, the only wage and
reward, ever offered to him. But Patrasche was beyond the reach of any
torture or of any curses. Patrasche lay, dead to all appearances, down
in the white powder of the summer dust. After a while, finding it
useless to assail his ribs with punishment and his ears with
maledictions, the Brabantois--deeming life gone in him, or going so
nearly that his carcass was forever useless, unless indeed some one
should strip it of the skin for gloves--cursed him fiercely in farewell,
struck off the leathern bands of the harness, kicked his body heavily
aside into the grass, and, groaning and muttering in savage wrath,
pushed the cart lazily along the road up hill, and left the dying dog
there for the ants to sting and for the crows to pick.
It was the last day before Kermesse away at Louvain, and the Brabantois
was in haste to reach the fair and get a good place for his truck of
brass wares. He was in fierce wrath, because Patrasche had been a strong
and much-enduring animal, and because he himself had now the hard task
of pushing his charette all the way to Louvain. But to stay to look
after Patrasche never entered his thoughts: the beast was dying and
useless, and he would steal, to replace him, the first large dog that he
found wandering alone out of sight of its master. Patrasche had cost him
nothing, or next to nothing, and for two long, cruel years he had made
him toil ceaselessly in his service from sunrise to sunset, through
summer and winter, in fair weather and foul.
He had got a fair use and a good profit out of Patrasche: being human,
he was wise, and left the dog to draw his last breath alone in the ditch,
and have his bloodshot eyes plucked out as they might be by the birds,
whilst he himself went on his way to beg and to steal, to eat and to
drink, to dance and to sing, in the mirth at Louvain. A dying dog, a dog
of the cart,--why should he waste hours over its agonies at peril of
losing a handful of copper coins, at peril of a shout of laughter?
Patrasche lay there, flung in the grass-green ditch. It was a busy road
that day, and hundreds of people, on foot and on mules, in wagons or in
carts, went by, tramping quickly and joyously on to Louvain. Some saw
him, most did not even look: all passed on. A dead dog more or less,--it
was nothing in Brabant: it would be nothing anywhere in the world.
After a time, amongst the holiday-makers, there came a little old man
who was bent and lame, and very feeble. He was in no guise for feasting:
he was very poorly and miserably clad, and he dragged his silent way
slowly through the dust amongst the pleasure-seekers. He looked at
Patrasche, paused, wondered, turned aside, then kneeled down in the rank
grass and weeds of the ditch, and surveyed the dog with kindly eyes of
pity. There was with him a little rosy, fair-haired, dark-eyed child of
a few years old, who pattered in amidst the bushes, that were for him
breast-high, and stood gazing with a pretty seriousness upon the poor
great, quiet beast.
Thus it was that these two first met,--the little Nello and the big
Patrasche.
The upshot of that day was, that old Jehan Daas, with much laborious
effort, drew the sufferer homeward to his own little hut, which was a
stone's-throw off amidst the fields, and there tended him with so much
care that the sickness, which had been a brain-seizure, brought on by
heat and thirst and exhaustion, with time and shade and rest passed away,
and health and strength returned, and Patrasche staggered up again upon
his four stout, tawny legs.
Now for many weeks he had been useless, powerless, sore, near to death;
but all this time he had heard no rough word, had felt no harsh touch,
but only the pitying murmurs of the little child's voice and the
soothing caress of the old man's hand.
In his sickness they two had grown to care for him, this lonely old man
and the little happy child. He had a corner of the hut, with a heap of
dry grass for his bed; and they had learned to listen eagerly for his
breathing in the dark night, to tell them that he lived; and when he
first was well enough to essay a loud, hollow, broken bay, they laughed
aloud, and almost wept together for joy at such a sign of his sure
restoration; and little Nello, in delighted glee, hung round his rugged
neck with chains of marguerites, and kissed him with fresh and ruddy
lips.
So then, when Patrasche arose, himself again, strong, big, gaunt,
powerful, his great wistful eyes had a gentle astonishment in them that
there were no curses to rouse him and no blows to drive him; and his
heart awakened to a mighty love, which never wavered once in its
fidelity whilst life abode with him.
But Patrasche, being a dog, was grateful. Patrasche lay pondering long
with grave, tender, musing brown eyes, watching the movements of his
friends.
Now, the old soldier, Jehan Daas, could do nothing for his living but
limp about a little with a small cart, with which he carried daily the
milk-cans of those happier neighbors who owned cattle away into the town
of Antwerp. The villagers gave him the employment a little out of
charity,--more because it suited them well to send their milk into the
town by so honest a carrier, and bide at home themselves to look after
their gardens, their cows, their poultry, or their little fields. But it
was becoming hard work for the old man. He was eighty-three, and Antwerp
was a good league off, or more.
Patrasche watched the milk-cans come and go that one day when he had got
well and was lying in the sun with the wreath of marguerites round his
tawny neck.
The next morning, Patrasche, before the old man had touched the cart,
arose and walked to it and placed himself betwixt its handles, and
testified as plainly as dumb show could do his desire and his ability to
work in return for the bread of charity that he had eaten. Jehan Daas
resisted long, for the old man was one of those who thought it a foul
shame to bind dogs to labor for which Nature never formed them. But
Patrasche would not be gainsayed: finding they did not harness him, he
tried to draw the cart onward with his teeth.
At length Jehan Daas gave way, vanquished by the persistence and the
gratitude of this creature whom he had succored. He fashioned his cart
so that Patrasche could run in it, and this he did every morning of his
life thenceforward.
When the winter came, Jehan Daas thanked the blessed fortune that had
brought him to the dying dog in the ditch that fair-day of Louvain; for
he was very old, and he grew feebler with each year, and he would ill
have known how to pull his load of milk-cans over the snows and through
the deep ruts in the mud if it had not been for the strength and the
industry of the animal he had befriended. As for Patrasche, it seemed
heaven to him. After the frightful burdens that his old master had
compelled him to strain under, at the call of the whip at every step, it
seemed nothing to him but amusement to step out with this little light
green cart, with its bright brass cans, by the side of the gentle old
man who always paid him with a tender caress and with a kindly word.
Besides, his work was over by three or four in the day, and after that
time he was free to do as he would,--to stretch himself, to sleep in the
sun, to wander in the fields, to romp with the young child, or to play
with his fellow-dogs. Patrasche was very happy.
Fortunately for his peace, his former owner was killed in a drunken
brawl at the Kermesse of Mechlin, and so sought not after him nor
disturbed him in his new and well-loved home.
A few years later, old Jehan Daas, who had always been a cripple, became
so paralyzed with rheumatism that it was impossible for him to go out
with the cart any more. Then little Nello, being now grown to his sixth
year of age, and knowing the town well from having accompanied his
grandfather so many times, took his place beside the cart, and sold the
milk and received the coins in exchange, and brought them back to their
respective owners with a pretty grace and seriousness which charmed all
who beheld him.
The little Ardennois was a beautiful child, with dark, grave, tender
eyes, and a lovely bloom upon his face, and fair locks that clustered to
his throat; and many an artist sketched the group as it went by
him,--the green cart with the brass flagons of Teniers and Mieris and
Van Tal, and the great tawny-colored, massive dog, with his belled
harness that chimed cheerily as he went, and the small figure that ran
beside him which had little white feet in great wooden shoes, and a soft,
grave, innocent, happy face like the little fair children of Rubens.
Nello and Patrasche did the work so well and so joyfully together that
Jehan Daas himself, when the summer came and he was better again, had no
need to stir out, but could sit in the doorway in the sun and see them
go forth through the garden wicket, and then doze and dream and pray a
little, and then awake again as the clock tolled three and watch for
their return. And on their return Patrasche would shake himself free of
his harness with a bay of glee, and Nello would recount with pride the
doings of the day; and they would all go in together to their meal of
rye bread and milk or soup, and would see the shadows lengthen over the
great plain, and see the twilight veil the fair cathedral spire; and
then lie down together to sleep peacefully while the old man said a
prayer.
So the days and the years went on, and the lives of Nello and Patrasche
were happy, innocent, and healthful.
In the spring and summer especially were they glad. Flanders is not a
lovely land, and around the burgh of Rubens it is perhaps least lovely
of all. Corn and colza, pasture and plough, succeed each other on the
characterless plain in wearying repetition, and save by some gaunt gray
tower, with its peal of pathetic bells, or some figure coming athwart
the fields, made picturesque by a gleaner's bundle or a woodman's fagot,
there is no change, no variety, no beauty anywhere; and he who has dwelt
upon the mountains or amidst the forests feels oppressed as by
imprisonment with the tedium and the endlessness of that vast and dreary
level. But it is green and very fertile, and it has wide horizons that
have a certain charm of their own even in their dulness and monotony;
and amongst the rushes by the waterside the flowers grow, and the trees
rise tall and fresh where the barges glide with their great hulks black
against the sun, and their little green barrels and varicolored flags
gay against the leaves. Anyway, there is greenery and breadth of space
enough to be as good as beauty to a child and a dog; and these two asked
no better, when their work was done, than to lie buried in the lush
grasses on the side of the canal, and watch the cumbrous vessels
drifting by and bringing the crisp salt smell of the sea amongst the
blossoming scents of the country summer.
True, in the winter it was harder, and they had to rise in the darkness
and the bitter cold, and they had seldom as much as they could have
eaten any day, and the hut was scarce better than a shed when the nights
were cold, although it looked so pretty in warm weather, buried in a
great kindly-clambering vine, that never bore fruit, indeed, but which
covered it with luxuriant green tracery all through the months of
blossom and harvest. In winter the winds found many holes in the walls
of the poor little hut, and the vine was black and leafless, and the
bare lands looked very bleak and drear without, and sometimes within the
floor was flooded and then frozen. In winter it was hard, and the snow
numbed the little white limbs of Nello, and the icicles cut the brave,
untiring feet of Patrasche.
But even then they were never heard to lament, either of them. The
child's wooden shoes and the dog's four legs would trot manfully
together over the frozen fields to the chime of the bells on the
harness; and then sometimes, in the streets of Antwerp, some housewife
would bring them a bowl of soup and a handful of bread, or some kindly
trader would throw some billets of fuel into the little cart as it went
homeward, or some woman in their own village would bid them keep some
share of the milk they carried for their own food; and then they would
run over the white lands, through the early darkness, bright and happy,
and burst with a shout of joy into their home.
So, on the whole, it was well with them, very well; and Patrasche,
meeting on the highway or in the public streets the many dogs who toiled
from daybreak into nightfall, paid only with blows and curses, and
loosened from the shafts with a kick to starve and freeze as best they
might,--Patrasche in his heart was very grateful to his fate, and
thought it the fairest and the kindliest the world could hold. Though he
was often very hungry indeed when he lay down at night; though he had to
work in the heats of summer noons and the rasping chills of winter
dawns; though his feet were often tender with wounds from the sharp
edges of the jagged pavement; though he had to perform tasks beyond his
strength and against his nature,--yet he was grateful and content: he
did his duty with each day, and the eyes that he loved smiled down on
him. It was sufficient for Patrasche.
There was only one thing which caused Patrasche any uneasiness in his
life, and it was this. Antwerp, as all the world knows, is full at every
turn of old piles of stones, dark and ancient and majestic, standing in
crooked courts, jammed against gateways and taverns, rising by the
water's edge, with bells ringing above them in the air, and ever and
again out of their arched doors a swell of music pealing. There they
remain, the grand old sanctuaries of the past, shut in amidst the
squalor, the hurry, the crowds, the unloveliness and the commerce of the
modern world, and all day long the clouds drift and the birds circle and
the winds sigh around them, and beneath the earth at their feet there
sleeps--RUBENS.
And the greatness of the mighty Master still rests upon Antwerp, and
wherever we turn in its narrow streets his glory lies therein, so that
all mean things are thereby transfigured; and as we pace slowly through
the winding ways, and by the edge of the stagnant water, and through the
noisome courts, his spirit abides with us, and the heroic beauty of his
visions is about us, and the stones that once felt his footsteps and
bore his shadow seem to arise and speak of him with living voices. For
the city which is the tomb of Rubens still lives to us through him, and
him alone.
It is so quiet there by that great white sepulchre,--so quiet, save only
when the organ peals and the choir cries aloud the Salve Regina or the
Kyrie Eleison. Sure no artist ever had a greater gravestone than that
pure marble sanctuary gives to him in the heart of his birthplace in the
chancel of St. Jacques.
Without Rubens, what were Antwerp? A dirty, dusky, bustling mart, which
no man would ever care to look upon save the traders who do business on
its wharves. With Rubens, to the whole world of men it is a sacred name,
a sacred soil, a Bethlehem where a god of Art saw light, a Golgotha
where a god of Art lies dead.
O nations! closely should you treasure your great men, for by them alone
will the future know of you. Flanders in her generations has been wise.
In his life she glorified this greatest of her sons, and in his death
she magnifies his name. But her wisdom is very rare.
Now, the trouble of Patrasche was this. Into these great, sad piles of
stones, that reared their melancholy majesty above the crowded roofs,
the child Nello would many and many a time enter, and disappear through
their dark, arched portals, whilst Patrasche, left without upon the
pavement, would wearily and vainly ponder on what could be the charm
which thus allured from him his inseparable and beloved companion. Once
or twice he did essay to see for himself, clattering up the steps with
his milk-cart behind him; but thereon he had been always sent back again
summarily by a tall custodian in black clothes and silver chains of
office; and fearful of bringing his little master into trouble, he
desisted, and remained couched patiently before the churches until such
time as the boy reappeared. It was not the fact of his going into them
which disturbed Patrasche: he knew that people went to church: all the
village went to the small, tumble-down, gray pile opposite the red
windmill. What troubled him was that little Nello always looked
strangely when he came out, always very flushed or very pale; and
whenever he returned home after such visitations would sit silent and
dreaming, not caring to play, but gazing out at the evening skies beyond
the line of the canal, very subdued and almost sad.
What was it? wondered Patrasche. He thought it could not be good or
natural for the little lad to be so grave, and in his dumb fashion he
tried all he could to keep Nello by him in the sunny fields or in the
busy market-place. But to the churches Nello would go: most often of all
would he go to the great cathedral; and Patrasche, left without on the
stones by the iron fragments of Quentin Matsys's gate, would stretch
himself and yawn and sigh, and even howl now and then, all in vain,
until the doors closed and the child perforce came forth again, and
winding his arms about the dog's neck would kiss him on his broad,
tawny-colored forehead, and murmur always the same words: "If I could
only see them. Patrasche!--if I could only see them!"
What were they? pondered Patrasche, looking up with large, wistful,
sympathetic eyes.
One day, when the custodian was out of the way and the doors left ajar,
he got in for a moment after his little friend and saw. "They" were two
great covered pictures on either side of the choir.
Nello was kneeling, rapt as in an ecstasy, before the altar-picture of
the Assumption, and when he noticed Patrasche, and rose and drew the dog
gently out into the air, his face was wet with tears, and he looked up
at the veiled places as he passed them, and murmured to his companion,
"It is so terrible not to see them, Patrasche, just because one is poor
and cannot pay! He never meant that the poor should not see them when he
painted them, I am sure. He would have had us see them any day, every
day: that I am sure. And they keep them shrouded there,--shrouded in the
dark, the beautiful things!--and they never feel the light, and no eyes
look on them, unless rich people come and pay. If I could only see them,
I would be content to die."
But he could not see them, and Patrasche could not help him, for to gain
the silver piece that the church exacts as the price for looking on the
glories of the Elevation of the Cross and the Descent of the Cross was a
thing as utterly beyond the powers of either of them as it would have
been to scale the heights of the cathedral spire. They had never so much
as a sou to spare: if they cleared enough to get a little wood for the
stove, a little broth for the pot, it was the utmost they could do. And
yet the heart of the child was set in sore and endless longing upon
beholding the greatness of the two veiled Rubens.
The whole soul of the little Ardennois thrilled and stirred with an
absorbing passion for Art. Going on his ways through the old city in the
early days before the sun or the people had risen, Nello, who looked
only a little peasant-boy, with a great dog drawing milk to sell from
door to door, was in a heaven of dreams whereof Rubens was the god.
Nello, cold and hungry, with stockingless feet in wooden shoes, and the
winter winds blowing amongst his curls and lifting his poor thin
garments, was in a rapture of meditation, wherein all that he saw was
the beautiful fair face of the Mary of the Assumption, with the waves of
her golden hair lying upon her shoulders, and the light of an eternal
sun shining down upon her brow. Nello, reared in poverty, and buffeted
by fortune, and untaught in letters, and unheeded by men, had the
compensation or the curse which is called Genius.
No one knew it. He as little as any. No one knew it. Only indeed
Patrasche, who, being with him always, saw him draw with chalk upon the
stones any and every thing that grew or breathed, heard him on his
little bed of hay murmur all manner of timid, pathetic prayers to the
spirit of the great Master; watched his gaze darken and his face radiate
at the evening glow of sunset or the rosy rising of the dawn; and felt
many and many a time the tears of a strange nameless pain and joy,
mingled together, fall hotly from the bright young eyes upon his own
wrinkled, yellow forehead.
"I should go to my grave quite content if I thought, Nello, that when
thou growest a man thou couldst own this hut and the little plot of
ground, and labor for thyself, and be called Baas by thy neighbors,"
said the old man Jehan many an hour from his bed. For to own a bit of
soil, and to be called Baas--master--by the hamlet round, is to have
achieved the highest ideal of a Flemish peasant; and the old soldier,
who had wandered over all the earth in his youth, and had brought
nothing back, deemed in his old age that to live and die on one spot in
contented humility was the fairest fate he could desire for his darling.
But Nello said nothing.
The same leaven was working in him that in other times begat Rubens and
Jordaens and the Van Eycks, and all their wondrous tribe, and in times
more recent begat in the green country of the Ardennes, where the Meuse
washes the old walls of Dijon, the great artist of the Patroclus, whose
genius is too near us for us aright to measure its divinity.
Nello dreamed of other things in the future than of tilling the little
rood of earth, and living under the wattle roof, and being called Baas
by neighbors a little poorer or a little less poor than himself. The
cathedral spire, where it rose beyond the fields in the ruddy evening
skies or in the dim, gray, misty mornings, said other things to him than
this. But these he told only to Patrasche, whispering, childlike, his
fancies in the dog's ear when they went together at their work through
the fogs of the daybreak, or lay together at their rest amongst the
rustling rushes by the water's side.
For such dreams are not easily shaped into speech to awake the slow
sympathies of human auditors; and they would only have sorely perplexed
and troubled the poor old man bedridden in his corner, who, for his part,
whenever he had trodden the streets of Antwerp, had thought the daub of
blue and red that they called a Madonna, on the walls of the wine-shop
where he drank his sou's worth of black beer, quite as good as any of
the famous altar-pieces for which the stranger folk travelled far and
wide into Flanders from every land on which the good sun shone.
There was only one other beside Patrasche to whom Nello could talk at
all of his daring fantasies. This other was little Alois, who lived at
the old red mill on the grassy mound, and whose father, the miller, was
the best-to-do husbandman in all the village. Little Alois was only a
pretty baby with soft round, rosy features, made lovely by those sweet,
dark eyes that the Spanish rule has left in so many a Flemish face, in
testimony of the Alvan dominion, as Spanish art has left broadsown
throughout the country majestic palaces and stately courts, gilded
house-fronts and sculptured lintels,--histories in blazonry and poems in
stone.
Little Alois was often with Nello and Patrasche. They played in the
fields, they ran in the snow, they gathered the daisies and bilberries,
they went up to the old gray church together, and they often sat
together by the broad wood-fire in the mill-house. Little Alois, indeed,
was the richest child in the hamlet. She had neither brother nor sister;
her blue serge dress had never a hole in it; at Kermesse she had as many
gilded nuts and Agni Dei in sugar as her hands could hold; and when she
went up for her first communion her flaxen curls were covered with a cap
of richest Mechlin lace, which had been her mother's and her
grandmother's before it came to her. Men spoke already, though she had
but twelve years, of the good wife she would be for their sons to woo
and win; but she herself was a little gay, simple child, in no wise
conscious of her heritage, and she loved no playfellows so well as Jehan
Daas's grandson and his dog.
One day her father, Baas Cogez, a good man, but somewhat stern, came on
a pretty group in the long meadow behind the mill, where the aftermath
had that day been cut. It was his little daughter sitting amidst the hay,
with the great tawny head of Patrasche on her lap, and many wreaths of
poppies and blue cornflowers round them both: on a clean smooth slab of
pine wood the boy Nello drew their likeness with a stick of charcoal.
The miller stood and looked at the portrait with tears in his eyes, it
was so strangely like, and he loved his only child closely and well.
Then he roughly chid the little girl for idling there whilst her mother
needed her within, and sent her indoors crying and afraid; then,
turning, he snatched the wood from Nello's hands. "Dost do much of such
folly?" he asked, but there was a tremble in his voice.
Nello colored and hung his head. "I draw everything I see," he murmured.
The miller was silent; then he stretched his hand out with a franc in it.
"It is folly, as I say, and evil waste of time; nevertheless, it is like
Alois, and will please the house-mother. Take this silver bit for it and
leave it for me."
The color died out of the face of the young Ardennois: he lifted his
head and put his hands behind his back. "Keep your money and the
portrait both, Baas Cogez," he said simply. "You have been often good to
me." Then he called Patrasche to him, and walked away across the fields.
"I could have seen them with that franc," he murmured to Patrasche, "but
I could not sell her picture,--not even for them."
Baas Cogez went into his mill-house sore troubled in his mind. "That lad
must not be so much with Alois," he said to his wife that night.
"Trouble may come of it hereafter: he is fifteen now, and she is twelve;
and the boy is comely of face and form."
"And he is a good lad and a loyal," said the house-wife, feasting her
eyes on the piece of pine wood where it was throned above the chimney
with a cuckoo clock in oak and a Calvary in wax.
"Yea, I do not gainsay that," said the miller, draining his pewter
flagon.
"Then if what you think of were ever to come to pass," said the wife,
hesitatingly, "would it matter so much? She will have enough for both
and one cannot be better than happy."
"You are a woman, and therefore a fool," said the miller, harshly,
striking his pipe on the table. "The lad is naught but a beggar, and,
with these painter's fancies, worse than a beggar. Have a care that they
are not together in the future, or I will send the child to the surer
keeping of the nuns of the Sacred Heart."
The poor mother was terrified, and promised humbly to do his will. Not
that she could bring herself altogether to separate the child from her
favorite playmate, nor did the miller even desire that extreme of
cruelty to a young lad who was guilty of nothing except poverty. But
there were many ways in which little Alois was kept away from her chosen
companion: and Nello, being a boy proud and quiet and sensitive, was
quickly wounded, and ceased to turn his own steps and those of Patrasche,
as he had been used to do with every moment of leisure, to the old red
mill upon the slope. What his offence was he did not know: he supposed
he had in some manner angered Baas Cogez by taking the portrait of Alois
in the meadow; and when the child who loved him would run to him and
nestle her hand in his, he would smile at her very sadly and say with a
tender concern for her before himself, "Nay, Alois, do not anger your
father. He thinks that I make you idle, dear, and he is not pleased that
you should be with me. He is a good man and loves you well: we will not
anger him, Alois."
But it was with a sad heart that he said it, and the earth did not look
so bright to him as it had used to do when he went out at sunrise under
the poplars down the straight roads with Patrasche. The old red mill had
been a landmark to him, and he had been used to pause by it, going and
coming, for a cheery greeting with its people as her little flaxen head
rose above the low mill-wicket, and her little rosy hands had held out a
bone or a crust to Patrasche. Now the dog looked wistfully at a closed
door, and the boy went on without pausing, with a pang at his heart, and
the child sat within with tears dropping slowly on the knitting to which
she was set on her little stool by the stove; and Baas Cogez, working
among his sacks and his mill-gear, would harden his will and say to
himself, "It is best so. The lad is all but a beggar, and full of idle,
dreaming fooleries. Who knows what mischief might not come of it in the
future?" So he was wise in his generation, and would not have the door
unbarred, except upon rare and formal occasions, which seemed to have
neither warmth nor mirth in them to the two children, who had been
accustomed so long to a daily gleeful, careless, happy interchange of
greeting, speech, and pastime, with no other watcher of their sports or
auditor of their fancies than Patrasche, sagely shaking the brazen bells
of his collar and responding with all a dog's swift sympathies to their
every change of mood.
All this while the little panel of pine wood remained over the chimney
in the mill-kitchen with the cuckoo clock and the waxen Calvary; and
sometimes it seemed to Nello a little hard that whilst his gift was
accepted he himself should be denied.
But he did not complain: it was his habit to be quiet: old Jehan Daas
had said ever to him, "We are poor: we must take what God sends,--the
ill with the good: the poor cannot choose."
To which the boy had always listened in silence, being reverent of his
old grandfather; but nevertheless a certain vague, sweet hope, such as
beguiles the children of genius, had whispered in his heart, "Yet the
poor do choose sometimes,--choose to be great, so that men cannot say
them nay." And he thought so still in his innocence; and one day, when
the little Alois, finding him by chance alone amongst the cornfields by
the canal, ran to him and held him close, and sobbed piteously because
the morrow would be her saint's day, and for the first time in all her
life her parents had failed to bid him to the little supper and romp in
the great barns with which her feast-day was always celebrated, Nello
had kissed her and murmured to her in firm faith, "It shall be different
one day, Alois. One day that little bit of pine wood that your father
has of mine shall be worth its weight in silver; and he will not shut
the door against me then. Only love me always, dear little Alois, only
love me always, and I will be great."
"And if I do not love you?" the pretty child asked, pouting a little
through her tears, and moved by the instinctive coquetries of her sex.
Nello's eyes left her face and wandered to the distance, where in the
red and gold of the Flemish night the cathedral spire rose. There was a
smile on his face so sweet and yet so sad that little Alois was awed by
it. "I will be great still," he said under his breath,--"great still, or
die, Alois."
"You do not love me," said the little spoilt child, pushing him away;
but the boy shook his head and smiled, and went on his way through the
tall yellow corn, seeing as in a vision some day in a fair future when
he should come into that old familiar land and ask Alois of her people,
and be not refused or denied, but received in honor, whilst the village
folk should throng to look upon him and say in one another's ears, "Dost
see him? He is a king among men, for he is a great artist and the world
speaks his name; and yet he was only our poor little Nello, who was a
beggar, as one may say, and only got his bread by the help of his dog."
And he thought how he would fold his grandsire in furs and purples, and
portray him as the old man is portrayed in the Family in the chapel of
St. Jacques; and of how he would hang the throat of Patrasche with a
collar of gold, and place him on his right hand, and say to the people,
"This was once my only friend"; and of how he would build himself a
great white marble palace, and make to himself luxuriant gardens of
pleasure, on the slope looking outward to where the cathedral spire rose,
and not dwell in it himself, but summon to it, as to a home, all men
young and poor and friendless, but of the will to do mighty things; and
of how he would say to them always, if they sought to bless his name,
"Nay, do not thank me,--thank Rubens. Without him, what should I have
been?" And these dreams, beautiful, impossible, innocent, free of all
selfishness, full of heroical worship, were so closely about him as he
went that he was happy,--happy even on this sad anniversary of Alois's
saint's day, when he and Patrasche went home by themselves to the little
dark hut and the meal of black bread, whilst in the mill-house all the
children of the village sang and laughed, and ate the big round cakes of
Dijon and the almond gingerbread of Brabant, and danced in the great
barn to the light of the stars and the music of flute and fiddle.
"Never mind, Patrasche," he said, with his arms round the dog's neck as
they both sat in the door of the hut, where the sounds of the mirth at
the mill came down to them on the night-air,--"never mind. It shall all
be changed by and by."
He believed in the future: Patrasche, of more experience and of more
philosophy, thought that the loss of the mill-supper in the present was
ill compensated by dreams of milk and honey in some vague hereafter. And
Patrasche growled whenever he passed by Baas Cogez.
"This is Alois's name-day, is it not?" said the old man Daas that night
from the corner where he was stretched upon his bed of sacking.
The boy gave a gesture of assent: he wished that the old man's memory
had erred a little, instead of keeping such sure account.
"And why not there?" his grandfather pursued. "Thou hast never missed a
year before, Nello."
"Thou art too sick to leave," murmured the lad, bending his handsome
young head over the bed.
"Tut! tut! Mother Nulette would have come and sat with me, as she does
scores of times. What is the cause, Nello?" the old man persisted. "Thou
surely hast not had ill words with the little one?"
"Nay, grandfather,--never," said the boy, quickly, with a hot color in
his bent face. "Simply and truly, Baas Cogez did not have me asked this
year. He has taken some whim against me."
"But thou hast done nothing wrong?"
"That I know--nothing. I took the portrait of Alois on a piece of pine:
that is all."
"Ah!" The old man was silent: the truth suggested itself to him with the
boy's innocent answer. He was tied to a bed of dried leaves in the
corner of a wattle hut, but he had not wholly forgotten what the ways of
the world were like.
He drew Nello's fair head fondly to his breast with a tenderer gesture.
"Thou art very poor, my child," he said with a quiver the more in his
aged, trembling voice,--"so poor! It is very hard for thee."
"Nay, I am rich," murmured Nello; and in his innocence he thought
so,--rich with the imperishable powers that are mightier than the might
of kings. And he went and stood by the door of the hut in the quiet
autumn night, and watched the stars troop by and the tall poplars bend
and shiver in the wind. All the casements of the mill-house were lighted,
and every now and then the notes of the flute came to him. The tears
fell down his cheeks, for he was but a child, yet he smiled, for he said
to himself, "In the future!" He stayed there until all was quite still
and dark, then he and Patrasche went within and slept together, long and
deeply, side by side.
Now he had a secret which only Patrasche knew. There was a little
outhouse to the hut, which no one entered but himself,--a dreary place,
but with abundant clear light from the north. Here he had fashioned
himself rudely an easel in rough lumber, and here on a great gray sea of
stretched paper he had given shape to one of the innumerable fancies
which possessed his brain. No one had ever taught him anything; colors
he had no means to buy; he had gone without bread many a time to procure
even the few rude vehicles that he had here; and it was only in black or
white that he could fashion the things he saw. This great figure which
he had drawn here in chalk was only an old man sitting on a fallen
tree,--only that. He had seen old Michel the woodman sitting so at
evening many a time. He had never had a soul to tell him of outline or
perspective, of anatomy or of shadow, and yet he had given all the weary,
worn-out age, all the sad, quiet patience, all the rugged, careworn
pathos of his original, and given them so that the old lonely figure was
a poem, sitting there, meditative and alone, on the dead tree, with the
darkness of the descending night behind him.
It was rude, of course, in a way, and had many faults, no doubt; and yet
it was real, true in Nature, true in Art, and very mournful, and in a
manner beautiful.
Patrasche had lain quiet countless hours watching its gradual creation
after the labor of each day was done, and he knew that Nello had a
hope--vain and wild perhaps, but strongly cherished--of sending this
great drawing to compete for a prize of two hundred francs a year which
it was announced in Antwerp would be open to every lad of talent,
scholar or peasant, under eighteen, who would attempt to win it with
some unaided work of chalk or pencil. Three of the foremost artists in
the town of Rubens were to be the judges and elect the victor according
to his merits.
All the spring and summer and autumn Nello had been at work upon this
treasure, which, if triumphant, would build him his first step toward
independence and the mysteries of the art which he blindly, ignorantly,
and yet passionately adored.
He said nothing to any one: his grandfather would not have understood,
and little Alois was lost to him. Only to Patrasche he told all, and
whispered, "Rubens would give it me, I think, if he knew."
Patrasche thought so too, for he knew that Rubens had loved dogs or he
had never painted them with such exquisite fidelity; and men who loved
dogs were, as Patrasche knew, always pitiful.
The drawings were to go in on the first day of December, and the
decision be given on the twenty-fourth, so that he who should win might
rejoice with all his people at the Christmas season.
In the twilight of a bitter wintry day, and with a beating heart, now
quick with hope, now faint with fear, Nello placed the great picture on
his little green milk-cart, and took it, with the help of Patrasche,
into the town, and there left it, as enjoined, at the doors of a public
building.
"Perhaps it is worth nothing at all. How can I tell?" he thought, with
the heart-sickness of a great timidity. Now that he had left it there,
it seemed to him so hazardous, so vain, so foolish, to dream that he, a
little lad with bare feet, who barely knew his letters, could do
anything at which great painters, real artists, could ever deign to look.
Yet he took heart as he went by the cathedral: the lordly form of Rubens
seemed to rise from the fog and the darkness, and to loom in its
magnificence before him, whilst the lips with their kindly smile seemed
to him to murmur, "Nay, have courage! It was not by a weak heart and by
faint fears that I wrote my name for all time upon Antwerp."
Nello ran home through the cold night, comforted. He had done his best:
the rest must be as God willed, he thought, in that innocent,
unquestioning faith which had been taught him in the little gray chapel
amongst the willows and the poplar-trees.
The winter was very sharp already. That night, after they had reached
the hut, snow fell; and fell for very many days after that, so that the
paths and the divisions in the fields were all obliterated, and all the
smaller streams were frozen over, and the cold was intense upon the
plains. Then, indeed, it became hard work to go round for the milk while
the world was all dark, and carry it through the darkness to the silent
town. Hard work, especially for Patrasche, for the passage of the years,
that were only bringing Nello a stronger youth, were bringing him old
age, and his joints were stiff and his bones ached often. But he would
never give up his share of the labor. Nello would fain have spared him
and drawn the cart himself, but Patrasche would not allow it. All he
would ever permit or accept was the help of a thrust from behind to the
truck as it lumbered along through the ice-ruts. Patrasche had lived in
harness, and he was proud of it. He suffered a great deal sometimes from
frost, and the terrible roads, and the rheumatic pains of his limbs, but
he only drew his breath hard and bent his stout neck, and trod onward
with steady patience.
"Rest thee at home, Patrasche,--it is time thou didst rest,--and I can
quite well push in the cart by myself," urged Nello many a morning; but
Patrasche, who understood him aright, would no more have consented to
stay at home than a veteran soldier to shirk when the charge was
sounding; and every day he would rise and place himself in his shafts,
and plod along over the snow through the fields that his four round feet
had left their print upon so many, many years.
"One must never rest till one dies," thought Patrasche; and sometimes it
seemed to him that that time of rest for him was not very far off. His
sight was less clear than it had been, and it gave him pain to rise
after the night's sleep, though he would never lie a moment in his straw
when once the bell of the chapel tolling five let him know that the
daybreak of labor had begun.
"My poor Patrasche, we shall soon lie quiet together, you and I," said
old Jehan Daas, stretching out to stroke the head of Patrasche with the
old withered hand which had always shared with him its one poor crust of
bread; and the hearts of the old man and the old dog ached together with
one thought: When they were gone who would care for their darling?
One afternoon, as they came back from Antwerp over the snow, which had
become hard and smooth as marble over all the Flemish plains, they found
dropped in the road a pretty little puppet, a tambourine-player, all
scarlet and gold, about six inches high, and, unlike greater personages
when Fortune lets them drop, quite unspoiled and unhurt by its fall. It
was a pretty toy. Nello tried to find its owner, and, failing, thought
that it was just the thing to please Alois.
It was quite night when he passed the mill-house: he knew the little
window of her room. It could be no harm, he thought, if he gave her his
little piece of treasure-trove, they had been playfellows so long. There
was a shed with a sloping roof beneath her casement: he climbed it and
tapped softly at the lattice: there was a little light within. The child
opened it and looked out, half frightened.
Nello put the tambourine-player into her hands. "Here is a doll I found
in the snow, Alois. Take it," he whispered,--"take it, and God bless
thee, dear!"
He slid down from the shed-roof before she had time to thank him, and
ran off through the darkness.
That night there was a fire at the mill. Out-buildings and much corn
were destroyed, although the mill itself and the dwelling-house were
unharmed. All the village was out in terror, and engines came tearing
through the snow from Antwerp. The miller was insured, and would lose
nothing: nevertheless, he was in furious wrath, and declared aloud that
the fire was due to no accident, but to some foul intent.
Nello, awakened from his sleep, ran to help with the rest: Baas Cogez
thrust him angrily aside. "Thou wert loitering here after dark," he said
roughly. "I believe, on my soul, that thou dost know more of the fire
than any one."
Nello heard him in silence, stupefied, not supposing that any one could
say such things except in jest, and not comprehending how any one could
pass a jest at such a time.
Nevertheless, the miller said the brutal thing openly to many of his
neighbors in the day that followed; and though no serious charge was
ever preferred against the lad, it got bruited about that Nello had been
seen in the mill-yard after dark on some unspoken errand, and that he
bore Baas Cogez a grudge for forbidding his intercourse with little
Alois; and so the hamlet, which followed the sayings of its richest
landowner servilely, and whose families all hoped to secure the riches
of Alois in some future time for their sons, took the hint to give grave
looks and cold words to old Jehan Daas's grandson. No one said anything
to him openly, but all the village agreed together to humor the miller's
prejudice, and at the cottages and farms where Nello and Patrasche
called every morning for the milk for Antwerp, downcast glances and
brief phrases replaced to them the broad smiles and cheerful greetings
to which they had been always used. No one really credited the miller's
absurd suspicions, nor the outrageous accusations born of them, but the
people were all very poor and very ignorant, and the one rich man of the
place had pronounced against him. Nello, in his innocence and his
friendlessness, had no strength to stem the popular tide.
"Thou art very cruel to the lad," the miller's wife dared to say,
weeping, to her lord. "Sure he is an innocent lad and a faithful, and
would never dream of any such wickedness, however sore his heart might
be."
But Baas Cogez being an obstinate man, having once said a thing, held to
it doggedly, though in his innermost soul he knew well the injustice
that he was committing.
Meanwhile, Nello endured the injury done against him with a certain
proud patience that disdained to complain; he only gave way a little
when he was quite alone with old Patrasche. Besides, he thought, "If it
should win! They will be sorry then, perhaps."
Still, to a boy not quite sixteen, and who had dwelt in one little world
all his short life, and in his childhood had been caressed and applauded
on all sides, it was a hard trial to have the whole of that little world
turn against him for naught. Especially hard in that bleak, snow-bound,
famine-stricken winter-time, when the only light and warmth there could
be found abode beside the village hearths and in the kindly greetings of
neighbors. In the winter-time all drew nearer to each other, all to all,
except to Nello and Patrasche, with whom none now would have anything to
do, and who were left to fare as they might with the old paralyzed,
bedridden man in the little cabin, whose fire was often low, and whose
board was often without bread, for there was a buyer from Antwerp who
had taken to drive his mule in of a day for the milk of the various
dairies, and there were only three or four of the people who had refused
his terms of purchase and remained faithful to the little green cart. So
that the burden which Patrasche drew had become very light, and the
centime-pieces in Nello's pouch had become, alas! very small likewise.
The dog would stop, as usual, at all the familiar gates which were now
closed to him, and look up at them with wistful, mute appeal; and it
cost the neighbors a pang to shut their doors and their hearts, and let
Patrasche draw his cart on again, empty. Nevertheless, they did it, for
they desired to please Baas Cogez.
Noel was close at hand.
The weather was very wild and cold. The snow was six feet deep, and the
ice was firm enough to bear oxen and men upon it everywhere. At this
season the little village was always gay and cheerful. At the poorest
dwelling